知恒专刊 |《涉外法律观察刊物》第二期发布
《涉外法律观察刊物》第2期发布！
知恒（大连）律师事务所（以下简称“知恒大连”）《涉外法律观察刊物》迎来第二期！本期共收录5篇精彩文章，汇聚5位律师的深度思考与实务经验，以专业视角呈现热点与前沿话题，期待为大家带来有价值的启发与交流。本期文章摘要如下，欢迎阅览：
1.国内判决跨境执行法律观察——以色列篇
高圣杰（知恒大连股权高级合伙人 本刊主编）
中国和以色列虽相距遥远，但两国经济高度互补。以色列作为“创新国度”具备顶尖的科技创新能力，中国作为“制造强国”和“消费大国”，拥有14亿人口的超大规模的市场和超强的制造能力。中国资本可以助力以色列初创企业全球化，以色列技术也能助力中国产业升级，双方有望合作形成"以色列研发+中国制造+全球市场"的共赢模式。
本文从中以两国跨境执行司法实践出发，立足于江苏省海外企业集团有限公司诉 ItshakReitmann 案的互惠实践，探究中国境内生效判决在以色列的承认与执行的法律服务工作，以供境内企业参考。
Notwithstanding the geographical distance between China and Israel, the two nations exhibit high economic complementarity. Israel, as the 'Nation of Innovation,' possesses cutting-edge technological innovation capabilities, while China, as the 'Manufacturing Powerhouse' and 'Consumption Giant,' maintains a supersized market of 1.4 billion population and unparalleled manufacturing capacity. Chinese capital may facilitate the globalization of Israeli startups, whereas Israeli technologies could propel China's industrial upgrading. Both parties may establish a mutually beneficial cooperation model characterized by 'Israeli R&D + Chinese Manufacturing + Global Market.' This article examines the legal services concerning the recognition and enforcement of Chinese domestic judgments in Israel, commencing from the judicial practices of cross-border enforcement between the two nations, with particular reference to the reciprocity precedent set in Jiangsu Overseas Group Corporation Limited v. Itshak Reitmann, for the reference of domestic enterprises.
2.国内判决跨境执行法律观察——新加坡篇
赵艺丰（知恒大连执业律师）
中国判决在新加坡的承认与执行，堪称一个复杂的法律问题，其中牵涉到两国截然不同的法律体系、司法制度，以及国际司法协助机制。尽管中国和新加坡于 1997 年签署了《关于民事和商事司法协助的条约》，但遗憾的是，该条约并未将判决的承认与执行涵盖在内。
因此，在缺乏专门条约的现状下，中国判决在新加坡的承认与执行，主要依赖普通法框架、双边备忘录，以及互惠原则等途径来实现。本文旨在系统梳理中国法院判决在新加坡承认与执行的法律体系与司法实践，深入分析其中的关键法律问题和实践挑战，并提出切实可行的建议。
通过对相关法律框架、司法实践以及典型案例的剖析，为中国企业和个人在新加坡寻求判决执行提供参考依据。
The recognition and enforcement of Chinese judgments in Singapore constitutes a complex legal issue involving fundamentally distinct legal systems, judicial institutions, and international judicial assistance mechanisms between the two jurisdictions. Notwithstanding the execution of the Treaty on Civil and Commercial Judicial Assistance between China and Singapore in 1997, it regrettably excludes provisions concerning judgment recognition and enforcement. Consequently, under the current absence of specialized treaties, the enforcement of Chinese judgments in Singapore primarily relies on common law frameworks, bilateral memoranda, and the principle of reciprocity. This article systematically examines the legal regime and judicial practices governing the recognition of Chinese court judgments in Singapore, conducts in-depth analysis of pivotal legal issues and practical challenges, and proposes actionable recommendations. Through comprehensive scrutiny of relevant legal frameworks, judicial precedents, and landmark cases, it provides authoritative references for Chinese enterprises and individuals seeking judgment enforcement in Singapore.
3.国内判决跨境执行法律观察——美国纽约州篇
刘芳（知恒大连合伙人）
中美贸易战自特朗普政府时期重新点燃，前总统特朗普对中国商品征收了34%的关税，这一举措标志着两国经济关系的重大转折。中国则以对等报复措施回应，上调关税并加大出口管制等措施，表明双方对抗已升级为全球经济格局中的核心议题。
国内的债权人必须开始思考，这场贸易战对中国法院判决在美国境内执行的影响。纽约州作为中国金融债权人财富转移的主要目的地，本文将结合中美跨境执行司法实践探析中国判决在美国纽约州承认并执行的路径。
The Sino-U.S. trade war reignited during the Trump administration, wherein former President Trump imposed a 34% tariff on Chinese commodities, marking a pivotal shift in bilateral economic relations. China responded with reciprocal countermeasures, including tariff escalations and enhanced export controls, evidencing the escalation of this confrontation into a central issue within the global economic landscape. Domestic creditors must now contemplate the ramifications of this trade war on the enforcement of Chinese court judgments within U.S. jurisdiction. Given New York State's status as a primary destination for asset transfers by Chinese financial creditors, this article examines the pathways for recognition and enforcement of Chinese judgments in New York through the lens of Sino-U.S. cross-border judicial enforcement practices.
4.国内判决跨境执行法律观察——巴西篇
安宁（知恒大连执业律师）
近年来，中巴经贸关系日益密切，中国连续15年保持巴西最大贸易伙伴地位，巴西也是中国在拉美地区的第一大贸易伙伴。中巴两国之间经济交往密切，在商业交往中往往也伴随有争议以及相关境外资产追索与执行的需求，本文结合《中华人民共和国和巴西联邦共和国关于民事和商事司法协助的条约》内容，系统梳理中国商事判决在巴西承认并执行的法律程序。
In recent years, the economic and trade relations between China and Brazil have grown increasingly close, with China maintaining its position as Brazil's largest trading partner for 15 consecutive years, while Brazil remains China's top trading partner in Latin America. Given the depth of economic interactions between the two nations, commercial disputes and the ensuing need for cross-border asset recovery and enforcement have become increasingly prominent. This article systematically examines the legal procedures for the recognition and enforcement of Chinese commercial judgments in Brazil, with reference to the Treaty on Judicial Assistance in Civil and Commercial Matters between the People’s Republic of China and the Federative Republic of Brazil.
5.国内判决跨境执行法律观察——西班牙篇
黄文杰（知恒大连合伙人）
2024年中西双边贸易额首破 500 亿美元，中国稳居西班牙欧盟外第一大贸易伙伴，同时西班牙对华新设企业增32.7%，外资增速达129.9%，双向投资迎来爆发期。伴随着双边贸易的飞速增长，两国各类主体之间的跨境商事争议问题也随之增加。
本文结合中国与西班牙在1992年签署的《中华人民共和国和西班牙王国关于民事、商事司法协助的条约》，详细解读中国判决在西班牙承认并执行的法律路径。
In 2024, the bilateral trade volume between China and Spain exceeded US$50 billion for the first time, with China remaining Spain’s largest trading partner outside the European Union. Meanwhile, newly established Spanish enterprises in China increased by 32.7%, and foreign investment growth reached 129.9%, marking a period of rapid expansion in two-way investment. Alongside the rapid growth in bilateral trade, cross-border commercial disputes between various entities of the two countries have also risen. This article provides a detailed analysis of the legal pathways for the recognition and enforcement of Chinese judgments in Spain, with reference to the Treaty on Judicial Assistance in Civil and Commercial Matters between the People’s Republic of China and the Kingdom of Spain (signed in 1992).
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